???? Scientific evidence
How to read a health study without being a specialist
A few questions can reveal what a study does—and does not—show.
Start with the study type, sample size, population, comparison group, duration, and measured outcome. Research in cells or animals cannot establish that the same effect occurs in people.
One study is rarely decisive. Systematic reviews, replication, absolute effect sizes, limitations, and conflicts of interest all help put a headline in context.
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